The Sun the Planets and the Stars by C. Jones

Introduction

Douglas Clyde Jones (December 6, 1924 – August 30, 1998) was an American author of historical fiction, including alternative history fiction. As a boy, he had lived for a time in Fort Smith, Arkansas, (Fort Smith is the third-largest city in Arkansas and one of the two county seats of Sebastian County) adjacent to former Indian Territory.

Douglas Jones was born in Winslow (Winslow is a city in southern Washington County), Arkansas. Following the divorce of his parents, he graduated from the Fayetteville (Fayetteville is the second-largest city in Arkansas, the county seat of Washington County), Arkansas high school in 1942 and was drafted into the army, where he served in the Pacific Theater. Following his discharge, Jones attended the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville is the second-largest city in Arkansas, the county seat of Washington County) and obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism in 1949. He subsequently returned to the army and served for another twenty years. In service, he obtained a master's degree from the University of Wisconsin (The University of Wisconsin–Madison is a public land-grant research university in Madison, Wisconsin). After retiring as a Lt. Colonel in 1968 after twenty-five years of service, Jones taught journalism at Wisconsin for six years.

Jones wrote his first novel, The Court-Martial of George Armstrong Custer, which was soon turned into a television drama, based on the premise that Custer had survived the Battle of the Little Big Horn (The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand).

In addition to his writings, Jones was also a painter in the western genre and a jazz musician.

Douglas Jones died in Fayetteville of obstructive pulmonary disease (A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Pulmonary diseases may be caused by infection, by smoking tobacco).

The Sun the Planets and the Stars

“The Sun, the Planets and the Stars” C. Jones gives a complete study of the Universe.  He describes the solar system.  He also writes about the size, atmosphere (An atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelope a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body) and locations of planets. 

The collection of eight/nine planets and their moons in orbit round the sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of asteroids (An asteroid is a minor planet of the inner Solar System), meteoroids (A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space)., and comets (Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit the Sun.). Our solar system consists of our star, the Sun, and everything bound to it by gravity – the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; dwarf planets (A dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit of the Sun) such as Pluto; dozens of moons; and millions of asteroids (a minor planet of the inner Solar System), comets (cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit the Sun.), and meteoroids (a small rocky or metallic body in outer space).

He also tells about the formation of various worlds. He describes our planet home is Earth and other planets, stars and suns are moving.Our earth is a big one.  Its diameter is 8,000 miles.  Its weight is 6,000 million (A million 10 lakh). Our sun, which is so essential to life on Earth, is a star almost 9lakh miles across, 12 lakhs 80 thousand times larger than our home planet earth That’s only an average-sized star! Nuclear fusion (a nuclear reaction) in the sun’s core (The hottest part of the Sun is its core, where temperatures top 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius).) produces light energy: hydrogen (a clean fuel that, material such as coal, gas, or oil ) atoms, which have light atomic nuclei (the central and most important part of an object), join together to form a heavier helium (chemical ) nucleus under the sun’s extremely hot temperatures, releasing energy in the process. Although the sun is almost 93 million miles from Earth, its light travels at about 1 lakh 86 thousand, miles per second; so it only takes eight minutes through space for the sun’s light to reach Earth.

Of course the sun is the reason for living things so lives are possible to live peacefully. It is a living source for all the planets. Sun is the source of power.  The heat is the energy of the Sun’s rays.  If there is no sun, the living things have to starve.

The sun does not just provide light, though. Our whole solar system revolves around it. The earth, other planets, and satellites—like the moon—are all part of this solar system. Earth turns daily on its axis Earth revolves in orbit around the sun in 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes with reference to the stars, at a speed ranging from 29.29 to 30.29 km/s. The 6 hours, 9 minutes adds up to about an extra day every fourth year, which is designated a leap year, with the extra day added as February 29th.

Sun the more informative thing which the telescope shows us is that there are families of the suns, where two, three or more stars move round each other in space. One family is composed of three suns, the first of which is orange, the second green, and the third blue. It shows the jovial look (friendly) of the entire universe. With a radius of 4 lakh 32 thousand,168.6 miles (695,508 kilometers), our sun is not an especially large star many are several times bigger but it is still far more massive (large and heavy or solid) than our home planet: 3 lakh 32 thousand, 946 Earths match the mass of the sun. The sun's volume would need 1.3 million Earths to fill it.

The sun at the heart of our solar system is a yellow dwarf star (small planetary), a hot ball of glowing gases. The Sun is, at present, about 70% hydrogen helium (for welding metals such as aluminum, noble gas group) and 28% helium by mass everything else ("metals") amounts to less than 2%. This changes slowly over time as the Sun converts hydrogen to helium in its core. Eclipses of the Sun happen once or twice a year. The Sun's magnetic field is very strong and very complicated. Its magnetosphere (the region surrounding the earth) extends well beyond Pluto. In other perspective (view) about sun, The Sun is personified (represent) in many mythologies (cultural tradition) the Greeks called it Helios (God) and the Romans called it Sol.

Mercury: Mercury is the nearest to the sun, and it is also the baby of the sun’s family of worlds. Mercury is the nearest it is only 2 crore 85 lakh 70 thousand, miles from the sun; yet 44 days later that distance increases to 4 crore 33 lakh 47 thousand, miles. Because Mercury is so close to the sun, it is hard to directly observe from Earth except during dawn (first appearance of light) or twilight. Mercury makes an appearance indirectly-13 times each century, observers on Earth can watch Mercury pass across the face of the sun, an event called a transit.

Instead of an atmosphere, Mercury possesses (have as belonging to one; own) a thin exosphere (the outermost region of a planet's atmosphere.) made up of atoms (the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist) blasted off the surface by the solar wind and striking (attracting ) micrometeoroids. Mercury is the second densest (thick, heavy) planet after Earth, with a large metallic core having a radius of about 2,000 km (1,240 miles), about 80 percent of the planet's radius.

Venus: Venus is the second planet from the sun and our closest planetary neighbor. The condition of Venus is likely to same as earth. Venus is almost as large as the earth. It has a day of almost equal length and revolves round the sun at a distance of 6 crore 70 lakh miles in 224 days. It has been found that Venus has a very thick, cloudy atmosphere. Venus is bright white because it is covered with clouds that reflect and scatter sunlight. At the surface, the rocks are different shades of grey, like rocks on Earth, but the thick atmosphere filters the sunlight so that everything would look orange if you were standing on Venus.

Earth: Planet home is the third planet from the sun and the fifth largest in the solar system. Our home planet is the only planet in our solar system known to harbor living things (to take shelter in). While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains (support physically) liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surface is made up of the ocean, dwarfing Earth's polar ice (Permanent sea ice), lakes, and rivers. The remaining 29% of Earth's surface is land, consisting of continents (a country is found within a continent. A continent is a large land mass ) and islands (a piece of land surrounded by water). Earth's surface layer is formed of several slowly moving tectonic (related to the movement of the crust (a hardened layer) of the earth) plates, interacting to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth's liquid outer core generates the magnetic field that shapes Earth's magnetos/phere (the region around a planet dominated by the planet's magnetic field), deflecting (to turn (something) aside) destructive (causing great and irreparable damage) solar winds.

Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of nitrogen (Nitrogen is colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, Oxygen is essential gas which is present in air in small quantity about 21% Nitrogen is the gas which is present in air in maximum quantity) and oxygen. More solar energy is received by tropical regions (The tropics are regions of the Earth that lie roughly in the middle of the globe.) than polar regions (area around the North Pole or the South Pole) and is redistributed by atmospheric and ocean circulation. Water vapor is widely present in the atmosphere and forms clouds that cover most of the planet. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide (CO²) trap a part of the energy from the Sun close to the surface. A region's climate is governed by latitude (Both longitude and latitude are angles measured with the center of the earth as an origin), but also by elevation (height) and proximity (nearness in space) to moderating oceans. Severe weather, such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms (a storm with thunder and lightning and typically also heavy rain), and heatwaves, occurs in most areas and greatly impacts life.

With a range of 3,959 miles (6,371 kilometers), Earth is the biggest of the terrestrial planets (they have a compact, rocky surface like Earth's terra firma), and the fifth largest planet overall. Like Mars and Venus, Earth has volcanoes, mountains and valleys (low area often running between hills or mountains). Earth's lithosphere (The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the Earth), which includes the crust and the upper mantle, is divided into huge plates that are constantly moving. Near the surface, Earth has an atmosphere that consists of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 1 percent other gases such as argon (chemical element), carbon dioxide (a chemical compound occurring as a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air.) and neon (chemical element).

Moon: The fifth largest moon in the solar system, Earth's moon is the only place beyond Earth where humans have set foot. The brightest and largest object in our night sky, the moon makes Earth a more livable planet by moderating our home (not expensive: reasonable or low in price) planet's wobble (move or cause to move unsteadily from side to side.) on its axis, leading to a relatively stable climate. It also causes tides (the alternate rising and falling of the sea), creating a rhythm that has guided humans for thousands of years. The moon was likely formed after a Mars-sized body collided (hit by accident when moving.) with Earth.

Mars: Also known as comrade (a fellow member, one of the part) of earth. Is a red planet, the God of war (Mars is named after the Roman god of war, Many believe that ancient peoples associated Mars with bloodshed and war because of its red color). Mars is half the size of the earth. If an earth-man landed on Mars, his muscles would be able to do about three times the amount of work which they do in this word.  Mars is a rocky body about half the size of Earth. As with the other terrestrial planets (they have a compact, rocky surface like Earth's terra firma(dry land)) Mercury, Venus, and Earth volcanoes (A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber (a large pool of liquid)), impact craters (hollowed-out area), crustal movement (hard), and atmospheric (ವಾತಾವರಣದ) conditions such as dust storms (ಬಿರುಗಾಳಿಗಳು) have altered the surface of Mars. Is there life on Mars? (may have been habitable for microorganisms, but habitable conditions do not necessarily indicate life.) Mars was a likely place for advanced life forms, and water might exist in the polar caps (a high-latitude region of a planet). The Martians would (a group of prominent Hungarian scientists) have perfected wireless and aero planes, and our wisest men would be ignorant compared to their philosophers (the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ), if life on mars developed along similar lines to life on earth. Mars has both air and water, but so very little of earth that it must be a very dry, airless planet, the greater part of which consists of huge, sandy deserts like the Sahara. Neither Mercury nor Venus has moons, but Mars has two moons, one of which revolves round the planet three in the Martian day of 241/2 hours (Its sidereal day is 24 hours, 37 minutes and 22 seconds, and its solar day 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35 seconds).

Asteroids: Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky remnants (part) left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. Most of this ancient space rubble can be found orbiting the sun between Mars and Jupiter within the main asteroid belt. Asteroids range in size from west - the largest at about 329 miles (530 kilometers) in diameter - to bodies that are less than 33 feet (10 meters) across. An imaginary or mythical being of human form but superhuman size

Jupiter: Jupiter is a giant (of very great size or force) in our family of worlds, Jupiter is 88 thousand miles in diameter, eleven times larger than the earth, and revolve round the sun at the distance of 48 crore 30 lakh miles. The atmosphere is mostly hydrogen (clean fuel, Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells to generate electricity, or power and heat.) and helium (for welding metals such as aluminum, noble gas group), and its iconic Great Red Spot is a giant storm (a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.) bigger than Earth that has raged (feel or express violent uncontrollable anger) for hundreds of years. Jupiter has as many as eight moons. 

Saturn: Saturn’s beauty calls the way of beautiful universe. And also Saturn’s chief attractions are its rings. These rings are bright belts surrounding the planet at a height of about 12,000 miles above its equator (imaginary line around the middle of a planet). Saturn is a huge mass of gases and metallic vapors (diffused matter (such as smoke or fog)). Saturn has ten moons. Rings of Saturn made of chunks (a short thick piece or lump (as of wood or coal)) of ice and rock

Saturn is blanketed (cover completely) with clouds, stripes and storms (Darker "belts" alternate with lighter "zones). Overall the planet is tan and light brown in color, due to a mixture of yellow ammonia crystals (Ammonia is a colorless gas) in the upper atmosphere. Saturn's rings are believed to be pieces of comets (Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rock), asteroids (Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun) or shattered moons (Red-hued, the moon had broken up into over fifty large fragments at a juncture) that broke up before they reached the planet, torn apart by Saturn's powerful gravity. 

Uranus: The seventh planet from the sun with the third largest diameter in our solar system, Uranus is very cold and windy. The ice giant (big in size, huge) is surrounded by 13 faint rings and 27 small moons as it rotates at a nearly 90-degree angle from the plane of its orbit. This unique tilt (move) makes Uranus appear to spin on its side, orbiting (move in a circle) the sun like a rolling ball.

With a radius of 15 thousand,759.2 miles (25,362 kilometers), Uranus is 4 times wider than Earth. If Earth was the size of a nickel (chemical elemen, silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge), Uranus would be about as big as a softball. 

Neptune: The ice giant Neptune was the first planet located through mathematical predictions (what someone thinks will happen) rather than through regular observations of the sky. Nearly 4.5 billion kilometers (2.8 billion miles) from the Sun, Neptune orbits the Sun once every 165 years. It is invisible to the naked eye because of its extreme distance from Earth. Neptune has 13 known moons, six of which were discovered by Voyager 2 as discovered in 2013 and awaits (wait for (an event).) official recognition. (a person who goes on a long and sometimes dangerous trip). A 14th tiny, very dim, moon w Triton (Triton is the largest natural satellite of the planet Neptune), Neptune's largest moon, orbits the planet in the opposite direction compared with the rest of the moons, suggesting that it may have been captured by Neptune in the distant past.

Pluto: Known as dwarf planet (A dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit of the Sun, smaller than any of the eight classical planets). The dry lonely planet is Pluto. Pluto is the most famous dwarf planet. Discovered in 1930, it was long classified as our solar system's ninth planet. Pluto and its busy system of moons orbit the sun in the Kuiper belt (The Kuiper belt is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System), a region of icy debris (loose natural material consisting especially of broken pieces of rock) beyond Neptune.

Conclusion:

As the mystery still alive with known and unknown aspects of our solar system and the whole universe stand the sight? It has many suns, stars and moons and maybe like planets like ours.

Here, C. Jones unveils the solar system and about all the elements mentioned above. Through today’s technology prevails the best side to observe and know the latest facts about our universe?