PUC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

QUESTION NO IV 34

Reading Comprehension (Q)

What Is Comprehension

Comprehension is the noun form of Comprehend. To comprehend means to grasp mentally in order to have full understanding of a thing. Comprehension is a person’s power of understanding a given unseen passage. It is a very light exercise. The students should first grasp the sense of the passage, fully understand the nature of the questions and then answer the questions in their own words. The answers should be brief and to the point. Thus comprehension plays a very significant part in the mental development of the students in the art of learning English.

Things to Be Remember For Comprehension

 The comprehension is based on the current events maximum times because applicants may have come across the news through various platforms and may be aware of the topic.

 Focus on the first and last passage: The introduction and conclusion of the passage are the most important and may help you with questions like giving a suitable topic for the passage, stating the passage’s tone or summarizing the passage. 

 Read the passage carefully two or three times so that the theme of the passage may be understood.

 Improvise (Impro/vise) your reading skills: Try reading the important words and phrases from the passage rather than reading each word in the comprehension. This will help you save some time.

 Read the questions carefully and underline the relevant portions of the given passage which you feel should be the most suitable answers.

 Now write answers to the questions in simple, easy and current language.

 Remember that the answers should be your own composition.

 Do not try to copy the very words of the passage.

 The answers must have sound grammatical construction. Great care should be taken in the use of punctuation also.

 Several answers should not be put in the same paragraph. Each answer should be given in a separate paragraph and should have its number corresponding to that of the question.

Given below are a few topics for reading comprehensions may be pick from this topic

Current Events: Mostly, the passage is picked from a recent development across the world, which may be hype and is in the news.

Economy Related: Passage related to economic growth or the development of a country may also be put up in the comprehension part.

Social Sciences: This is another sector from which the passage may be put forth in the Verbal Ability section.

Philosophy & Psychology: The comprehension may deal with philosophy and psychology topics, making the topic moderately complicated for the candidate.

Imaginary Events: It is also possible that the passage may be based on fictitious information which may not be realistic and just be imaginary.

 

1. Hospitals – then and now

All of us have seen the inside of a Hospital sometime or the other. Hospitals have a special smell of their own and seem very busy all the time. But how did the idea of setting up a special place ever come about?

 

The ancient Greeks used the temples of their Gods of healing, as resting places for the sick. So too, did the Egyptians, the Babylonians and the ancient Indians. The Romans especially, began to realize the need for hospitals. They were always at war, and their soldiers needed care and treatment.

The idea of hospitals caught on, slowly, and then passed into the church. By the 4th century, Church Hospitals had begun.

 

Centuries passed. By the 17th century, public hospitals were founded in Britain by rich citizens who wished to serve the public.

 

The Hospital, as we see today, began to evolve only around 19th century. People began to live .in better conditions. They felt the need for more cleanliness and better, expert care. In the past, nuns and other members of the church had done the nursing.

 

It was Florence Nightingale who began to feel the need for trained nurses to care for the sick. She began the St.Thomas’s Hospital in England. This was the first training college for nurses ever.

Hospitals soon began to have public wards and private rooms.

 

Today, any Hospital is a vast, complex organization. There are doctors (physicians and surgeons] and nurses. There are other staffs like receptionists, records staff, hospital managers, etc. They even have pharmacy.

 

Big Hospitals could have porters, orderlies, electricians, carpenters, plumbers, security…. whew! Doesn’t that sound like a small town in itself?

 

Question 1.
What did the ancient Greeks use as a resting place for the sick?
Answer: The ancient Greeks used the temples of their Gods of healing.

Question 2.
Why did the Romans realize the need for hospitals?
Answer: Because their soldiers were always at war, and they needed care and treatment for those wounded at war.

Question 3.
When did the church hospitals begin?
Answer: By the 4th century

Question 4.
Ri h citizens in Britain founded Hospitals, because they
(a) wished to serve the public.
(b) wanted to make money.
(c) wanted business.
Answer: (a) wished to serve the public.

Question 5.
Name the first training college for nurses.
Answer: St. Thomas’s Hospital in England, set up by Florence Nightingale.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words/ phrases

ERA	PLACE FOR THE SICK
Ancient	Temples of Gods of healing
4th century	Church Hospitals
17th century	Public Hospitals
19th century	Public wards and private rooms.

Question 7.
Find synonyms from the passage for the following word.s.
(a) understand [paral]
(b) established [para4]
(c) dispensary [para8]
Answer:
(a) come about;
(b) founded;
(c) pharmacy

Question 8.
Find antonyms from the passage for the following words
(a) layman – (para5)
(b) personal – (para7)
Answer:
(a) expert;
(b) public

2. The Moth and the Star

A young and impressionable moth once set his heart on a star. He told his mother about this and-she counseled him to set his heart on a bridge lamp instead, “Stars aren’t the things to hang around”, she said, “Lamps are things to hang around”. “You get somewhere that way”, said the moth’s father. “You don’t get anywhere chasing stars”. But the moth would not heed the words of either parent. Every evening at dusk when the star came out he would start flying towards it and every morning at dawn he would crawl back home worn out with his vain endeavor.

 

One day his father said to him, “You haven’t burned a wing in months, boy, and it looks to me as if you are never going to. All your brothers have been badly burned flying around street lamps and your sisters have been terribly burnt flying around house lamps. Come on, now get out of here and get yourself scorched! A big strapping moth like you- without a mark on him!”

 

The moth left his father’s house, but he would not fly around street lamps and he would not fly around house lamps. He went right on trying to reach the star, which was four and one third light years, or twenty five trillion miles away. The moth thought it was just caught in the top branches of an elm. He never did reach the star, but he went right on trying, night after night, and when he was a very, very old moth he began to think that he really had reached the star and he went around saying so. This gave him a deep and lasting pleasure, and he lived to a great old age. His parents and brothers and sisters had all been burned to death when they were quite young.

 

Answer the following questions in a phrase or a sentence.

Question 1.
A young and impressionable moth once set his heart on a
(a) bridge
(b) star
(c) tree
Answer: (b) star

Question 2.
What advice did the mother give to the moth?
Answer: The mother adviced him to set his heart on a bridge.

Question 3.
What did the moth do every evening?
Answer: He would start flying towards the star.

Question 4.
How did the moth return home every morning?
Answer: He would crawl back home in vain and worn out

Question 5.
How far was the star from the earth?
Answer: Four and one third light years or twenty five trillion miles away.

Question 6.
What did the moth do after leaving his father’s house?
Answer: He went right on trying to reach the star.

Question 7.
What feeling gave the moth a deep and lasting pleasure?
Answer: When he was very old the moth began to think that he had really reached the star.

Question 8.
The idiom “To set one’s heart” means
(a) desire a thing without joy
(b) desire a thing with joy
(c) desire a thing unknowingly
Answer: (b) desire a thing with joy

Question 9.
Find the antonym to ‘Dawn’ in the passage.
Answer: Dusk

Question 10.
Give the noun form of’deep’.
Answer: Depth

 

3. Mankind is one Family

Half the world does not have enough to eat. Each year, as a result, many millions die young. The bodies and minds of many more are permanently damaged by hunger.

We say to you this suffering can be and must be stopped. When all of us, in the rich and poor countries, make up our minds to stop it, we can stop it.

 

The earth is ruled mainly by people out of touch with the young world. They know that men starve and die in millions, but they think it more important to make guns and bombs, to send us to fight one another, than to provide food and water, schools and hospitals, so that we might feed and serve one another

 

If you live in a poor country, demand enough food for your countrymen. Do not turn your backs on the people who provide food: instead, work with them for rural development.

If you are educated in special knowledge and skills, remember that science and technology that can send men into space, need only to be released into poor countries to work even greater miracles.

If you are a parent, resolve to end the sufferings of children. Know, too, how to plan the size of your family, so that the progress of all is not endangered.

 

Let us make it plain to the rulers that the division of the world into rich and poor must end. The many billions spent on armaments must be spent to develop the world. Let them know, too, that if political or financial systems prevent a just distribution of food and wealth, these systems must be replaced.

Above all we must show our willingness to work for world development.

Mankind is one family in which each of us has a duty to help others.

 

Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Why do many millions of people die young?
Answer: They do not have enough to eat.

Question 2.
What kind of people rule the earth?
Answer: The earth is ruled mainly by people out of touch with the young world.

Question 3.
What do the rulers think is more important?
Answer: Thy think that it is more important to make guns and bombs.

Question 4.
What are the basic things the rulers are supposed to provide to the people?
Answer: food, water, schools and Hospitals.

Question 5.
A parent should know how to end the sufferings of his children by
(a) planning the size of his family
(b) earning plenty of money
(c) employing them in some occupations.
Answer: (a) planning the size of his family

Question 6.
What should you make plain to the rulers?
Answer: That the division of the world into rich and poor must end.

Question 7.
According to the speaker, the many billions spent on armaments must be spent to
a. make guns
b. fight with each other
c. develop the world

Answer: (c) develop the world

Question 8.
Add a prefix to the word ‘willing’ to make its antonym.
Answer: Unwilling.

Question 9.
The rulers wish to (possess/possession) bombs and guns.
Answer: possess.

 

Question 10.
How should mankind be?
Answer: As one family in which each of us has a duty to help others.

The following pages can be used for further reading practice.
Students may be encouraged to frame questions on them.

 

1.               Catch the rain where it falls

Catch the rain where it falls was the rationale behind the construction of several thousand tanks in Karnataka by our fore fathers. They have been the life-line of the people and were protected as their main source of water supply for drinking and irrigation.

 

Apart from meeting water supply and recharging underground water, these water bodies have served as excellent habitats for plants, fishes, frogs, etc. Some of them also support thousands of birds in certain seasons of the year including migratory ones from distant lands.

 

Things have changed over the years. Bad planning and mismanagement have turned these water bodies into reservoirs of wastes. Tanks have been used for dumping garbage, Waste construction materials, discharge of municipal sewage and industrial effluents. They are also drained to convert the land into housing sites, commercial complexes, bus stands and stadiums.

 

A recent study conducted by the Indian Institute of Science shows that Bangalore has lost about 40% of its y vater bodies over a period of 25 years. Of the remaining, 40% water bodies are polluted due to the inlet of sewage. The famous Dharmabudhi tank of Bangalore has been drained to make Majestic Bus Stand while the Sampangi tank has given way to the Kanteerava Stadium.

 

The same has been the case with several of the twenty thousand or more tanks in the other parts of the state. It is time we reverse this trend and make efforts to conserve this life saving resource.

 

2.               Alternative fuel

At a time when the use of fossil fuels to power vehicles is making environmentalists angry, an alternative fuel -the bio-diesel has emerged as a useful solution. Additionally, its use solves a disposal problem.

 

The fuel is nothing but used vegetable oil which has been tested satisfactorily. It has made a vehicle called the Veggie Van (a motor home) run more than 16,000 km across the United States. Also it has visited 20 major cities causing absolutely no harm to the environment. Vegetable oil from various restaurants in America was all that was used along the entire journey. The novel experiment was started as college project by two students Joshna and Kaia. It eventually ended in a massive public awareness programme.

 

The idea of using vegetable oil as fuel for a diesel engine first occurred to them when , they visited a traditional farm in the picturesque southern Germany where vehicles fuelled by vegetable oil were in use. While studying agriculture and living on these farms, they noticed that farmers were always filling tanks with a yellow liquid. “This fuel comes from the canola plants which grow on our farms and nearby areas. We add it in the diesel and it smells good,” farmers said.

 

The process of converting vegetable oil into bio-diesel fuel is cheap and easy to find. Any vegetable oil, such as used cooking oil, methanol or clear alcohol can be used as fuel.

 

The diesel engine which is being used, however, can run on altered vegetable oil or biodiesel without any modification. Not only does bio- diesel require zero modifications to the engine, this fuel works either by itself or blended with petroleum diesel.

Bio-diesel has since been recognised as an official alternative fuel in the U.S. Its use by the bus and truck fleet has soared by more than 1000 percent.

 

3. Remembering Gandhi’s Simplicity

Gandhi’s secretary Pyarelal in 1947 notes that Gandhi had said ‘Earth provides enough . for everyman’s need but not for everyman’s greed’.

According to Gandhi, greed was the cause of poverty; he also saw greed as the root of all. Evil among hum

Answer: Rejection of greed is possible in all of us. Gandhi suggests that if we examine our own accumulative instincts, we will ourselves realize the ‘fewness of things’ we require.

This opposition between need and greed becomes the central problem of today’s society and is very well exemplified by the comment in the movie ‘Wall Street’ that ‘Greed is good’. Modern consumerist society builds itself on the necessity of greed. Without sometimes explicitly calling it by. This word, it is, nevertheless, the case that greed continues to. Play a major role in contemporary culture through the use of other terms like competition, merit, profit, margins and so on.

 

Our obsession with variety and difference in our personal lives has led to a situation where we do not like to eat the same food items every day. The most damaging illustration of this attitude is seen in what they have done to the most innocent of all items: idli. Today, restaurants do not sell just idlis. These have become passe and boring. Instead, you have ’fried idlis’,’idli Manchurian’ ’idli masala’ and so on. The menu card has become the modern face of India where our daily desire for variety is reflected.

 

One way to understand the difference between need and greed is through the notion of simplicity. Gandhi embodied simplicity in many ways: his dress, his commitment to a few principles such as truth and non- violence, his controlled food habits, his spartan living quarters, his ashrams.

QUESTION NO V  35

Poems for Comprehension

1. OZYMANDIAS– Percy Bysshe Shelley

I met a traveller from an antique land
Who said : two vast and trunk less legs of stone
Stand in the. desert. Near them on the sand,
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown
And wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
which yet survive, stamped on those lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal these words appear:
“My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings:
Lock-on my works, ye Mighty, and despair I”
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare,
The lone and level sands stretch far away.

 

Answer the following questions in a word, phrase or a sentence.

Question 1.
Who did the speaker meet?
Answer: A traveler from an antique land.

Question 2.
Where did the traveler come from?
Answer: Antique land.

Question 3.
The one who reads the passions well is the
(a) speaker.
(b) traveler.
(c) sculptor.
Answer: (c) sculptor.

2. PRAYER OF A BLACK BOY– GuyTirolien

Lord, I am so tired.
Tired I entered this world.
Far have I wandered since the cock crew,
And the road to school is steep.
Lord, I do not want to go into their school,
Please help me that I need not go again.
I want to follow father into the cool gorges.
When the night is hovering over magic forests
Where spirits play before the dawn. Barefoot,
I want to tread the red-hot paths,
That boil in midday sun,
And then lie down to sleep beneath a Mango tree.
And I want to wake up only
When down there the white man’s siren starts to howl,
And the factory.
A ship on the sugar fields.
Lands and spits its crew,
Of black workers into the landscape.
Lord, I do not want to go into their school,
Please help me that I need not go again.

 

Answer the following questions in a word, phrase or a sentence each.

Question 1.
The speaker prays to
(a) the school teacher.
(b) the God.
(c) the white man.
Answer: (b) the God.

Question 2.
The road to school is _______?
Answer: Sleep.

Question 3.
What is it that the speaker does not want to do?
Answer: He does not want to go into their school.

QUESTION NO VI 36 

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of verbs in the paragraphs given in bracket.

Question 1.
The train was on fire. Several people _______ (kill). The injured _______ (shift) to hospital. The reason for the fire was unclear. A committee _______ (appoint) to investigate the cause for the fire.
Answer:

1.               were killed;

2.               were shifted;

3.               was appointed

Question 2.
A function _______ (organize) to honour the eminent scientist professor CNR Rao. He _______ (confer) the Bharat Ratna. Several dignitaries _______ (invite) for the function. Many of his former students and acquaintances _______ (expect) to attend. Elaborate arrangements, _______ (make) for the function
Answer:

1.               was organised;

2.               was conferred;

3.               were invited;

4.               were expected;

5.               were made.

Question 3.
Saving water is very important. Rain water, being the purest form available, efforts _______ (should, make) to harvest it, The basic purpose of water harvesting is to conserve water. This _______ (can, do) by collection in a ground reservoir. The rooftop harvesting process is quite simple and doesn’t cost much. First the roof top _______ (be, clean), an underground pipe _______ (be, insert) and linked to the rooftop as well as the underground reservoirs. Then the water _______ (be, filter) before it reaches the underground reservoir.
Answer:

1.               should be made;

2.               can be done;

3.               has to be cleaned;

4.               should be inserted;

5.               has to be filtered.

Question 4.
The bull _______ (tie) to the tree outside Gafur’s house. It _______ (see) by the priest Tarkaratna, who was coming from the zamindar’s house. Gafur _______ (blame) by the priest for starving the bull. Tarkaratna _______ (send) by the zamindar to talk to-Gafur. The rent for the hut _______ (not pay) by Gafur. The priest told him that if ne did not pay it within three days, he _______ (ask) to leave the hut.
Answer:

1.               was tied;

2.               was seen;

3.               was blamed;

4.               was sent;

5.               was not paid;

6.               will be asked.

QUESTION NO VI 37

Answers Reported Speech

Dialogues can be expressed in three ways
Dhruva : I have won the election. (Script form)
Dhruva said, “I have won the election.” (Quote form)
Look at the following:
(2) Rekha said that she had eaten her breakfast. (Indirect/Reported)

The first sentence (Direct Speech) has two parts, while in the second sentence (Indirect Speech), the two parts Of the sentence are combined into one.

Direct speech is the actual words of the speakers, while indirect speech is reporting of the actual words.

Look at the following sentences:

Alok said, “We must save water.”
Alok emphasized the need to Save water.

The General said to the soldiers, “Bomb the enemy camp.”
The General ordered the soldiers to bomb the enemy camp.

Aniketh said, “Can I go out to play?”
Aniketh asked if he could go out to play.

The mother said to her son “Where have you left the keys?”
The mother asked her son where he had left the keys.

Gagan said to the guest, “Welcome! What a pleasant surprise!”
Welcoming the guest, Gagan exclaimed that it was a pleasant surprise.

Notice that the reporting verbs like emphasized, ordered, asked, said and exclaimed, reflect the nature and tone of the different types of sentences.

1. Look at the dialogue between an American and Swamy Ram Tirtha. Using this information complete the paragraph by writing suitable words or phrases in the space provided.

American : Gentleman, where is your luggage?
Swamy Ram Tirtha : My whole luggage is on my body.
American : Where is your purse?
Swami Ram Tirtha : I don’t possess any money with me.
American : Do you have any friend in America?
Swami Ram Tirtha : Yes, I have one; you are that friend of mine.

When Swami Ram Tirtha visited America, he came across an American who asked him ________ He replied to him that ________ whole luggage ________ ‘Then-the – American asked him ________ Swami Ram Tirtha replied that ________. The American asked ________ Swami Ram Tirtha replied that ________.
Answer:
When Swami Ram Tirtha visited America, he came across an American who asked him where his luggage was. He replied to hicn that his whole luggage was on his body Then the American asked him where his purse was. Swami Ram Tirtha replied that he didn’t possess any money. The American asked if he had a friend in America. Swami Ram Tirtha replied that he had one and that it was the American himself.

Observe the changes:

1.               No inverted commas are used in indirect speech.

2.               When the reporting verb is in past tense, the tense of the verb in reported speech is changed from present to the corresponding past.

Study the following list.

• Direct Speech – Indirect Speech
• do/does – did
• is/am/are – was/were
• has/have – had
• did – had done
• had done – had done
• was doing – had been doing
• shall – should/would
• will – would
• may – might
• can – could
• must – had to
• this – that
• these – those
• now – then
• ago – before
• today – that day
• yesterday – the previous day
• tomorrow – the next day/the following day
• here – there

Commonly used reporting verbs: said to, told, asked, complimented, requested, informed, offered, apologized, ordered, wished, greeted, welcomed, agreed, disagreed, pleaded, demanded, grumbled, believed, considered, opined, remarked, repeated, exclaimed, suggested, decided etc.

Study the following sentences:

Keats said, ‘Truth is beauty’. (D.S)
Keats said that Truth is Beauty. (R.S) .

Vibha: I study for two hours every day.
Vibha said that she studies for two hours every day.

Sagar said, “The earth revolves around the sun.”
Sagar said that the earth revolves around the sun.

Rubina says,” I am doing my homework.”
Rubina says that she is doing her homework.

Praveen will complain, “The rules are not followed.”
Praveen will complain that the rules are not followed.

If the reported speech expresses a universal truth, habitual action, historical, geographical or scientific fact, the tense of the verb in indirect speech remains the same. Also when the reporting verb is either in present or in the future, there is no change in the tense of the verb in indirect speech.

Solved example:

Amit : What are you doing this weekend, Ullas?
Ullas : I don’t have any special plans.
Amit : How do you like the idea of a visit to Sakre Bailu?
Ullas : How lovely it sounds! But I have to ask my parents.
Amit : I will come to your house and request your parents.

Answer

Amit asked Ullas what he was doing that weekend. Ullas replied that he did not have any special plans. Amit suggested the idea of visiting Sakre Bailu. Ullas exclaimed that it was a wonderful idea and added that he had to take his parent’s permission. Amit promised Ullas that he would go to his house and request his parents.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
Read the following dialogue and fill in the blanks with the appropriate indirect forms.
Yesterday Roshan attended an interview with the Manager of ICICI bank.
Roshan : May I come in, Sir?
Manager : Sit down, what is your name?
Roshan : My name is Roshan.
Manager : Can you drive a car?
Roshan : Yes, I can. I always drive the family around.

Roshan respectfully asked the Manager ________. The Manager asked him to come in and ________. The Manager then asked him ________. Roshan told him that he could drive and added that ________.
Answer:
if he could come in; asked him his name; if he could drive a car; he always drove the family around.

Question 2.
Read the following dialogues and report the same in indirect speech.

Customer : I must be at that meeting at once. I can’t spare another minute.
Barber : I know all about the meeting.
Customer : Then you’ll let me go there?
Barber : I am afraid, I won’t, sir.
Answer:
The customer told the Barber that he must be at that meeting at once and he couldn’t spare another minute. The Barber replied that he knew about the meeting. The customer asked the barber if he would let him go to the meeting! The Barber said that he would not be able to.

Question 3.
“Who is that lady?” the children asked their mother.
“She is a close friend, very dear to me,” said the mother.
“How come you never told us about her?”
“When the time comes, you will know everything.”
Answer:
The children asked their mother who that lady was and mother said that she was a close and dear friend of hers. The children wondered how their mother had never told them about her friend. The’mother convinced them that they would know everything at a suitable time.

Question 4.
Reporter : Congratulations Sachin! You have now another world record to your credit.
Sachin : God is great, I only enjoy my cricket.
Reporter : After 200 not out in an ODI, what next? Can we hope for 400 plus innings in a test match?
Sachin : The love of my countrymen is my greatest strength.
Answer:
The reporter congratulated Sachin for adding another world record to his credit. Sachin replied that God is great and that he enjoyed his game of cricket. The Reporter asked Sachin if after 200 not out in an ODI, would he try for a four hundred plus innings in a test match. Sachin answered that the love of his countrymen was his greatest strengh.

Question 5.
Dona Laura : Do you use a handkerchief as a shoe brush?
Don Gonzalo : Why not?
Dona Laura : Do you use a shoe brush as a handkerchief?
Don Gonzalo : What right have you to criticise my action?
Don Laura : A neighbour’s right.
Answer:
Dona Laura asked Don Gonzalo if he used a handkerchief as a shoe brush. He replied positively and he was asked whether he would use a shoe brush as a handkerchief, and he asked Dona Laura what right she had to criticise his action. Dona Laura replied that she had a neighbour’s right.

Question 6.
Read the following conversation and complete the passage given below.
Policeman : What is her full name?
Woman : She is Veena Sharma.
Policeman : Can you describe her?
Woman : She is thin and fair in complexion.

The policeman asked the woman (a) ________. The woman replied (b) ________Veena Sharma. The policeman further asked her (c) ________ The womãn said (d) ________ and fair in complexion.

(a) (i) that was her full name (ii) what her full name is
(iii) what her full name was (iv) that what her full name was
Answer:
(iii) what her full name was

(b) (i) if she was (ii) that she was
(iii) she was (iv) she is
Answer:
(iv) she was

(c) (i) whether she could describe her
(ii) whether she can describe her
(iii) if could she describe her
(iv) if she can describe her
Answer:
(i) whether she could describe her

(d) (i) that she was thin (ii) that she is thin
(iii) if she was thin (iv) is she is thin
Answer:
(i) that she was thin.

QUESTION NO VI 38

Answers Dialogue Writing

You are aware that language is used to perform different functions in oral and written forms like asking for information, apologizing, greeting and so on. Note, that to construct a dialogue, you must first try to find out the relationship between the speakers. You must also be aware of the context of the dialogue. The purpose of the dialogue is important to generate an appropriate dialogue. Find out if the dialogue should include formal or informal expressions. A dialogue begins with a greeting and ends with leave taking.

Look at the following sample of a dialogue.

(Prof. Omkar wants to buy a new computer for his personal use. He consults Mr. Raju, a Computer Engineer).
Omkar : Good evening, Mr. Raju. (Greeting)
Raju : Hello, Professor ! I’m seeing you after a long time. How are you? (Introduction)
Omkar : Fine, thank you. I’m writing a book. But my computer is giving me a lot of trouble. Now, I want to buy a new PC. Could you help me? (Sharing information) (Problem / Complaint)
Raju : Certainly. Which PC do you have now?
Omkar : I have an old Pentium II processor. Now that I am quite familiar with the computer, I can use a faster system.
Raju : Quite right. I think you should go in for a Pentium III.
Omkar : What technical specifications should I look for : (Seeking information)
Raju : Well, a 20 GB Hard Disc Drive and 128 MB RAM, I
suppose. That should be more than enough for your work. (Giving information)
Omkar : Thank you. See you tomorrow. (Leave taking)

Complete the following dialogues :

Exercise 1 :
Teacher : You are late to class, Pradeep. (Complaining)
Padeep : Madam, _________ I _________ the bus the next bus (Apologizing)
leacher : In that case you should (Suggesting)
Pradeep : _________ (Agreeing, Leave taking)
Answer :
Teacher : You are late tu class, Pradeep. (CompIainng)
Pradeep : Madam, I amsoy. I missed the bus. The next bus was late (Apologizing)
Teacher : In that case you should attend the next period (Suggesting)
Pradeep : Thainkïou_madimjijI. (Agreeing, Leave taking)

Exercise 2 :
(Ra.hui and his wife Latha plan to have a holiday. They discuss the options.)
Rahul : Latha, today r :j boss told me that I could take I vacition.
Latha : _________ (congratulating)
Rahul : _________ (suggesting)
Latha : _________ (disagreeing)
Rahu.l : _________ (giving an option)
Latha : How about Shimla ? It ill be lovely there.
Rahul : But you know i’m not much of a mountaineer.
latha : You love the sea, don’t you?
Rahul : ________________________.
Latha : Why don’t you call a travel agency, right away?
Rahul : ________________________.
Answer :
Rahul : Latha, today my boss told me that I could take I vacation.
Latha : Oh! that is wonderful. (congratulating)
Rahul : Let’s go to North India. (suggesting)
Latha : No, it will be very cold there now. (disagreeing)
Rahul : 0k. Why not Kanyakumari? (giving an option)
Latha : How about Shimla? It’ll be lovely there.
Rahul : But you know I’m not much of a mountaineer.
Latha : You love the sea, don’t you?
Rahul : Certainly, yes.
Latha : Why don’t you call a travel agency, right away?
Rahúl : I will call them ¡ust now.

Exercise 3 :
You and your friend are at the cinema. You have got two seats on either side of a gentleman, who offers to change his seat so that you and your friend can sit together. Complete the dialogue given below.
You : Excuse me, sir. Could you please _________?
Gentleman : Oh yes, definitely. Where are your seats?
You : They are on either side of your seat.
Gentleman : ___________________________
You : Thank you, sir. We’ve been waiting to see this movie together.
Gentleman : [understand. By the way ____________?
You : I am Aniket. ________________ ?
Gentleman : Fine thank you.
(Language functions expected – calling attention, requesting for a favour, introducing, agreeing)
Answer :
You Excuse me, sir. COUld you please Chin your seat?
Gentleman : Oh yes, definitely. Where are your seats?
You : They are on either side of your seat.
Gentleman : Then I will move to the last seat.
You : Thank you, sir. We’ve been waiting to see this movie together.
Gentleman : I understand. By the way what’s your name?
You : J am Aniket. And he is Prasad ?
Gentleman : Fine thank you.
(Language functions expected – calling attention, requesting for a favour, introducing, agreeing)

Exercise 4 :
(Ms. Shanta wants to buy a new TV set. She visits the showroom and talks to the sales person there.)
Sales person : Good morning madam. Can I help you?
Ms. Shanta : ____________________
Sales person : Do you have any particular brand in mind?
Ms. Shanta : _____________________
‘ Sales person : Both are very good madam. We have the latest models.
Ms. Shanta : ______________________
Sales person : Certainly
Ms. Shanta : ___________________
(anguage functions expected-greeting, seeking information, making requests, expressing gratitute)
Answer :
Sales person Good morning madam. Can I help you?
Ms. Shanta Yes thank you. I am looking for a LCD TV.
Sales person Do you have any particular brand in mind?
MsShanta I like the brands Sony or Samsung
Sa les person Both are very good madam. We have the latest models.
Ms. Shanta Can I see them? I like Sony better,
Sales person Certainly
Ms. Shanta Thank you. I will buy the sony T.V.

Exercise 5 :
Neetu is interested in doing a course in journalism. She calls up the Department of Journalism to find out the details of the course. The Public Relations Officer answers the phone.
P.R.Q. : Good morning. Department of Journalism.
Neetu : __________ (Introducing and enquiring about the courses)
P.R.O. : We offer two courses. Bachelor of Communication and Journalism (BCJ) and Master of Communication and Journalism(MCJ).
Neetu : ________ (request to know about the duration of the course).
P.R.O. : BD is a two year course and MCi isa one year course. Any graduate can apply for BCJ and those who have passed BCJ can apply for MCi.
Neetu : _______ (ma king enquiry about selection)
P.R.O. : There will be a written test and interview.
Neetu : _________ (expressing gratitude)
Answer :
P.R.O. : Good morning. Department of Journalism.
Neetu : Good morningmadam. I am Neetu. Can I know about the courses you offer? (Introducing and enquiring about the courses)
P.R.O. : We offer two courses. Bachelor of Communication and Journalism (BCJ) and Master of Communication and Journalìsm(MCJ).
Neetu : May I know how long are the courses? (request to know about the duration of the course).
P.R.O. : BCJ is a two year course and MCi is a one year course. Any graduate can apply for BCJ and those who have passed BCJ can apply for MCI.
Neetu : Madam I want to take up MCi. May I know about the selection process? (making enquiry about selection)
P.R.O. : There will be a written test and interview.
Neetu : Thank you Madam. I will appear for the test and interview (expressing gratitude)

Exercise 6 :
At a friend’s house, while studying together for the examination :
Akshay : Today we have to complete three units of Thermodynamics. What do you suggest?
Gagan : ________ (Agreeing)
Aravind : Shall we take a small break?
Akshay : _________ (disagreeing)
Gagan : It is already 10 pm. I must finish studying what we had decided on.
Akshay : __________ (asking about preferences)
Arvind : _________ (leave taking)
Answer :
Akshay : Today we have to complete three units of Thermodynamics. What do you suggest?
Gagan : Yes, we certainty have to (Agreeing)
Aravind : Shall we take a small break?
Akshay : No, we can’t waste even a minute (disagreeing)
Gagan : It is already 10 pm. I must finish studying what we had decided on.
Akshay : So, do you want to complete the chapter? (asking about preferences)
Arvind : Well let us complete it. Good bye (leave taking)

Exercise 7 :
Anu knocks on the door of the doctor’s consulting room..
Doctor : Please come in.
Anu : (greeting and introducing)
Doctor : Please sit down. Now tell me about your problem.
Anu : ________ (giving information) .
Doctor : How long did it last? And when did your giddiness start?
Anu : _________ (giving more informalion)
Doctor : Let me examine you.
Anu : __________________
Answer :
Doctor : Please come in.
Anu : Good morning Doctor. I am Anu (greeting and introducing)
Doctor : Please sit down. Now tell me about your problem.
Anu : I am feeling giddy. Doctor (giving information)
Doctor : When did your giddiness start? How long did it last?
Anu : It lasted for about five minutes (giving more information)
Doctor : Let me examine you.
Anu : 0k. Doctor.

QUESTION NO VI 40

Linkers

Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the text with another.

Linkers help us establish our ideas explicitly (in a clear and detailed manner). They make it easy for us to compare, contrast, illustrate, define and summarize our thoughts and develop a coherent paragraph.

My mother was an extraordinary person and I should speak, above all, of her kindness towards me. But I’ll tell you a secret of mine because I feel somewhat guilty for not having been a happy man in order to have given her a deserved happiness. Therefore I feel I should have been more understanding of her.

Can you identify the function of the underlined words and mention them in the space given below?

Connector	Function
and	connecting, Addition
but	transition, Contrast
because	reason
in order to	purpose
therefore	summarise

If these words are missing, you can see that the paragraph does not convey the right meaning. These words are called linkers.

Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the text with another.

Look At The Following Table:
Study the list of linkers and their functions.

Function	Link Words
Addition	and, also, besides, moreover similarly, and then, what is more, such as, then, in addition (to), too, next.
Time	when, while, as soon as, before, after, till, until, eventually, as long as, since
Place	after, where, wherever
Reason/cause	because, as, that, since.
Purpose	in order that, so that, lest,
Result	so, such, consequently, in conclusion, as a result, in all, thus, finally
Concession	though, although, even if, however,
Manner	as, as if, as though
Comparison	as- as, then, not so-as
Condition	if, unless, supposing

Find more such linking expressions.

A) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linkers, given in the brackets.

Question 1.
Aesop is a figure, clouded in so much mystery and legend that it is difficult to know what can be said about him. It is also strange to believe that this world-famous man was born a slave in the sixth century B.C. when slaves were bought and sold frequently. Aesop’s Greek master gave him liberty because he was impressed by his learning and wit. [because, that, what; when]
Question 2.
Alok was happy when he was selected to take part in where the car race. He gladly went the race was to take place. He was given a car kit so that he could build the body of the car using small pieces of wood. Alok asked Abhi if he would help him. Abhi refused. However Alok did not give up; he set out to make the car. [where, when, so that, however, if]
Question 3.
The rains had failed therefore all the wells and tanks had run dry. in order to overcome the problem, the municipal authorities sunk a number of bore wells. so that they could supply water to the citizens. thus the situation was brought under control. [thus, so, therefore, in order to,]
Question 4.
In the summer, the rumor of a famine swept through the province which was a baseless one and the crops were actually growing well moreover the weather was perfect for a bumper harvest. But on the strength of that rumor, thousands of small farmers abandoned their farms and fled to the cities. As a result of this, crops failed, thousands starved and/thus the rumor about the famine proved true. [and, which, because, as a result, moreover, but]
5. There was a king who had one eye and one leg. In spite of that he asked all the painters to draw a beautiful portrait of him. But none of them could. How could they paint him beautifully with the defects in one eye and one leg? Eventually one of them agreed and drew a classic picture of the King, and it was a fantastic picture that surprised everyone. He painted the king aiming for a hunt, targeting with one eye closed and one leg bent. [and, but, eventually, in spite of]
Question 6.
There was a King who had one eye and one leg. However he asked all the painters to draw a beautiful portrait of him. But none of them could. How could they paint him beautifully with the defects in one eye and one leg? eventually one of them agreed and drew a classic picture of the King, and it was a fantastic picture and surprised everyone. He painted the King aiming for a hunt, targeting with one eye closed and one leg bent. [and, but, eventually, however]
QUESTION NO VII 41

Answers Note Making

Note making is a useful study skill. This involves two stages:

1.               Reading and comprehending.

2.               Identifying the main /sub points keeping the purpose of the reading in mind.

We shall look at two formats for making notes.

Exercise:
Read the following passage and the notes below it:
Soil is your garden’s natural medium, so it is vital for the health and successful growth of your plants and crops that you keep it well maintained. Soil is basically rock that’s been ground down by the effects of the weather over a long period of time and made fertile by decayed organic matter (derived from dead insects and leaves). There are hundreds of different soil types, but they can broadly be classified as sandy, loamy or clay, referring to their basic texture. It is texture that affects the drainage, aeration and nutrient content of the soil and you may have to take steps to improve on this in certain types of soil.

Take a handful of soil and run a small amount between your forefinger and thumb. Although all soils contain varying proportions of sand, silt and clay, you’ll readily be able to tell the difference between the main types.

Sandy – soil feels gritty when dry and even its wet particles will stick together. Loamy, on the other hand, can be moulded in the hand when moist, but the particles aren’t at all sticky and gritty and are fairly loose when dry. Clay soil is sticky and smooth when wet, but becomes polished when rubbed and baked hard when dry.

1. Soil – garden’s natural growth medicine
a) Formed by ground rock
b) Made fertile by decayed organic matter.

2. Texture:
a) Classification

• sandy
• loamy
• clay

b) effect on :

• drainage
• aeration
• nutrient content

3. Distinction between soil types :
(a) when dry

• sandy – feels gritty
• loamy – fairly loose
• clay – polished when rubbed and baked hard

Note Making Passage- 1

The defense mechanism of the human body is a gift of nature provided to human beings. The power of our body to fight against disease-producing agents is known as a defensive mechanism and it depends upon various factors which can be categorized mainly into two types: common factors and special factors.

Amongst the common factors, the most important is the health of human beings. We all know that if we have good health, our body automatically remains protected against diseases. For keeping good health, one should have nutritious balanced diets. A balanced diet is that which contains carbohydrates, fat, proteins, vitamins in a proportionate amount.

The skin of our body through cuts and abrasions can cause diseases. Therefore, a cut or an abrasion should never be left open. In case there is no bandage, or medicine available; it may be covered with a clean cloth.

The above passage – 1 can be diagrammatically expressed in several ways depending on the needs of the user.

Look at the following two notes of the above passage and complete them by filling in the blank boxes. Try to express the passage diagrammatically in your own way.

I. A. Defensive mechanism of the human body

Answer:

I. B. Human body defense mechanism

Answer:

Read the following passages and make notes by filling in the boxes.

Note Making Passage- A

Washoe, a female chimpanzee who.was the first non – human to learn human sign language, passed away on October 30th 2007 at the ripe old age of 42.

Washoe was born in Africa in September 1965. She was caught in the wild and at 10 months was taken by biologists Allen and Beatrice Gardener. As part of a research experiment to teach human language to animals, they launched a new project with Washoe as the candidate.

Chimpanzees were chosen for this study because they are intelligent and social animals. However, a major disadvantage with a chimp is that it does not possess vocal apparatus that would allow the production of human speech. But as chimps use their hands a lot in their natural habitat, scientists decided to use this innate trait in their training. So the project was to teach Washoe to use the American Sign Language. ASL is the widely used sign language of the, deaf community in North America.

The Gardeners treated Washoe like a hearing-impaired human infant. Helpers communicated with Washoe by using ASL, rather than with the spoken voice. The first ‘word’ that Washoe ‘said’ by using ASL, rather than with a sign was ‘tooth brush’. And in the first six years she learned approximately 150 signs. At the time of her death it was reported that Washoe could reliably use 350 signs. In addition to individual signs, Washoe displayed the ability to combine signs in novel and meaningful ways. For example, she referred to her toilet as ‘Dirty Good’ and the refrigerator as ‘Open Food Drink.

Roger Fouts, the caretaker of Washoe was interested in finding out if chimpanzees were capable of ‘transmitting’ sign languages to their offspring. Because Washoe did not have an offspring, Fouts arranged for Washoe to adopt a male infant named Loulis . After a short adjustment period the experimenters observed Washoe signing “Come baby” to Loulis who jumped in her arms. On. his eighth day with Washoe, Loulis made his first sign. In time he learnt to use more signs and thus became the first animal to acquire a human language from a non – human. To convince skeptics, Fouts released a videotape of the chimpanzee – to – chimpanzee communication through signs.

Answer:

Note Making Passage- B

The coffee plant, an evergreen shrub or a small tree of African origin, begins to produce fruit 3 or 4 years after being planted. The fruit is hand-gathered when it is fully ripe and reddish-purple in colour. The ripened fruits of the coffee shrubs are processed to separate the coffee seeds from their covering and form the pulp. Two different techniques are in use – a wet process and a dry process.

The wet process: First, the fresh fruit is pulped by a pulping machine. However, some pulp still clings to the coffee, and this residue is removed, by fermentation in tanks. The few remaining traces of pulp are then removed by washing. The coffee seeds are then dried to a moisture content of about 12 percent, either by exposure to the sun or by hot air driers. If dried in the sun, they must.be turned by hand several times a day for even drying.

The dry process: In the dry process the fruits are immediately placed to dry either in the sun or in hot air driers. Considerably more time and equipment is needed for drying than in the wet process. Then the seeds are mechanically freed from their coverings.

Answer:

Note Making Passage- C

Aborigines are brown-skinned people who live in parts of Australia. Not closely related to any known race, they number only about fifty thousand. With wiry hair and deep-set eyes, these primitive people live in small tribal groups in the drier lands of north and north east Australia.

An aborigine needs little more tharl food which he gets through hunting and food gathering in his own wide territory. He eats roots, grubs, seeds and even caterpillars ground into flour; he may also eat kangaroos, crocodiles, porpoises and dugongs. For hunting, he carries clubs, stone axes, and the famous weapon – the boomerang, which is used to knock down birds. He also fishes for food.

The house that the aborigines live in is called a wurley. It usually consists of two forked sticks and a crossbar, with strips of bark laid against it. They build such dwelling – places only when necessary and leave them when their tribe moves to the next place. Inside or Outside the

wurley they make fire by twirling a pointed stick into a piece of dry wood and they cook their food by it on hot ashes.

The aborigines may be a backward people but they are known for two things – their extraordinary sight and their ability to find water either by studying animal or bird movements, or by seeking water-bearing roots. Experts at reading the ground, they have also been known to help the police in tracking down animals and finding lost children.

Note pad
(a) Physical features
Answer:
Brown-skinned
Wiry hair
Deep-set eyes

(b) Food habits
Answer:
Hunting and gathering
Food – eats roots, shrubs seeds and even caterpillars
Hunt Kangaroos, crocodiles, porpoises.

(c) Place of dwelling
Answer:
Live in houses called wurley
Made of two forked sticks and a cross bar with strips of bark laid against it Build dwellings – only when necessary.

QUESTION NO VII 42

Job Applications

Answers Job Applications

A job application can be written in two ways:
1. A letter of application giving all the details.
2. A letter of application in 2 parts:
a. Covering letter
b. Curriculum vitae (Resume/Biodata)
e.g. The following advertisement appeared in The New Indian Express on 3rd Feb. 2014. Write a letter of application in response to it.

Global Finance and Investment Ltd.
REQUIRES
Junior Assistant

Qualification: II PUC with Computer Knowledge Knowledge of Kannada and English Essential Experience Preferred

Apply within a week to:
The Manager
Global Finance and Investment Ltd.
K. C. Road
Gadag – 582101
(Write XXX for your name and YYY for your address.)
Look at the following letter:
From,

XXX.
YYY.
4th Feb 2014.

To,

The Manager.
Global Finance and Investment Ltd.
K. C.Road Gadag – 582101

Respected Sir/Madam,
Sub : Application for the post of a Junior Assistant.
Ref : Your advertisement in The New Indian Express dated 3rd Feb. 2014

In response to your advertisement mentioned above, I am applying for the post of Junior Assistant.

I have passed my II PUC with a first-class. I also have taken a course in office management. I am 20 yrs old and an Indian national. I can speak and write English, Kannada and Tamil. I have passed SSLC with 80% marks from Cambridge School, Gadag and II PUC with 71% marks from SJP College, Hubli in the years 2005 and 2007 respectively. Since then, I have been working as a Junior Assistant at Prime Technologies (4 years) and Rao Associates (3 years). My hobbies are listening to music and painting. My other interests include playing football and basketball.

I am a good team person and shall serve the concern to the best of my abilities if given a chance. I shall provide the necessary documents and references during the time of the interview.

Thank you.
Yours faithfully,
(Signature)
(XXX)

Look at the following letter:
From,

XXX
YYY

4th Feb 2014
To,

The Manager
Global Finance and Investment Ltd.
K. C. Road
Gadag – 582101

Respected Sir/Madam,
Sub : Application for the post ofa Junior Assistant.
Ref : Your advertisement in The New Indian Express dated 3rd Feb. 2014

In response to your advertisement mentioned above, I am applying for the post of Junior Assistant.

I have passed my PUC with a first class. I have taken a course in Office Management. I am fluent in both Kannada and English. Besides..! have an experience of two years as a Junior Ass’stam I have enclosed my resume with this application. I hope it will meet your requirement

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,
(Signature)
(XXX)

Format for Resume
Name : __________________
Father’s Name : __________________
Date of Birth/Age : __________________
Permanent Address : __________________
Nationality : __________________
Knowledge of languages : __________________
Educational Qualifications : __________________

Name of the Examination	Bord/University	Year/Marks	Subjects

Experience : __________________
Other interests/hobbies : __________________

Place:
Date :

Sd.
XXX

Exercise:

Look at the following advertisements and write suitable letters of application for each of them.

1).

Mallya Hospital, ISO 9001 – 2008 NABH – H2011 – 0092 certificate of accreditation certified. REQUIRES  Marketing Managers for Vydehi & Mallya Hospital Group, Degree/Diploma in Marketing Management with 5 to 7 years Experience Preferably in Hospital. Interested Candidates may apply within seven days to : The President, MALLYA HOSPITAL # 2 Vittal MalyaRoad, Bangalore – 560001, Tel: 22277979 / 997 Email: info@mallyahospital.net

From,

xxxx
YYYY
yyyy

20 July 2014

To,

The president
Mallya Hospital
# 2, Vittal Mallya Road
Bangalore – 560001

Sub: Application for the post of Marketing Managers.

Dear Sir/Madam,
I saw your advertisement in Deccan Herald dated 15 July 2014 for the post of Marketing Manager. I completed my degree from Vijaya Degree College in 2008. I have 6 years of experience as Marketing Manager in Sagar Appolo Hospitas. I have very good communication skills in English and Kannada. I promise that if I am selected, I will work with dedication. My resume is enclosed for your consideration. ‘

Looking forward to hear from you.
Thank you
Yours faithfully
sd/ –

Encl: Resume.

2)

Positions Open For 2014 – 15  Royale Concorde International School Kalyan Nagar, Bangalore

RCIS Group of Institutions is looking for qualified, experienced and creative educators with excellent communication skills for the following positions.

• Academic Co–ordinators for Primary / Middle School/High School: Postgraduates with teaching experience and supervisory abilities to enhance the academic environment of the school.
• Teachers – Higher Secondary / High School/ Middle School/ Primary: Master’s degree with B.Ed./ Bachelors Degree and relevant experience for all subjects, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Computer Science, History, Geography, English, Kannada, Hindi, French, Sanskrit.
• Kindergarten Teachers – Bachelor’s degree with Qualification in Early childhood Education / Montessori training / NTT with good experience.

Send your application to The Secretary, Royale Concorde International.! School, 6 th ‘B’ Main, 2nd Block, HRBR Layout, Kalyan Nagar, Bangalore – 560043

From,

XXXX.
YYYY,
YYYY.

12 July 2014

To,

The Secretary,
Royale Concorde International school,
6th ‘B’ main,
2nd Block, HRBR Layout.
Kalyan Nagar
Banglore – 560043

Sub: Application for the post of High School English Teacher

Dear Sir/Madam
I saw your advertisement in The Times of India dated 10 July 2014 for the post of High School Teacher: I would iike to apply for the post of English Teacher. I completed my M.A. in English from Bangalore University in 2010. I did my B.Ed in Tumkur University in 2012.1 have 2 years of experience as teacher of English in Atmashree High School. I have got excellent communication skills. Therefore I request you to consider any application and give mean opportnity to serve in your reputed institution. My employment with you will be highly beneficial to your institution and it will add value to my career. My resume is enclosed for your consideration.

Looking forward to hearing from you.

Thank you
Yours faithfully
sd/ –

Encl: Resume.

QUESTION NO VII 43 A

Answers Speech Writing

Speech is another crucial form of oral communication. It is important that the views and ideas of the speaker are authentic. Care should be taken to ensure that the language is intelligible to the audience.

Elements of speech writing:

1.               Use first person (I) – to communicate ideas as speaker of the topic

2.               addressing the audience

3.               introducing the topic

4.               purpose of the speech, keeping the audience in mind

5.               concluding the speech

Though making a speech is a spoken activity, for the purpose of testing, it is presented in the written form. Students may be given hints which can be expanded for speech writing.

Exercise:
Write a speech in about 150 – 200 words based on the hints given below.

One has already been done for you.

Question 1.
In order to promote reading habits in students, your college has organized a Library Week. You are the Secretary of the College Students Union. You have to speak to the students about the week-long programme. You have noted the following points.

– days and dates
– new arrivals displayed
– exhibition of books by some publishers
– famous authors/poets to visit and interact with students
– more facilities in the library
– new magazines

Here is an example worked out for you.
Answer:
Dear friends,
It gives me great pleasure to speak to you about the Library week that our College has organized from 2nd to 10th November this year. Reading makes a man perfect. The aim of celebrating this week is to inculcate the reading habit among students. As part of the celebration, new arrivals in the reference section such as encyclopedia and dictionaries and general books will be displayed. Sapna Book House and Cambridge University Press are putting up an exhibition. We have invited Dr. Shobha Devi to inaugurate the exhibition and interact with students. Other authors like Smt.Shashi Deshpande and Dr.Patil will also pay us a visit. During the week, a literary quiz competition will be organized. The Reading section will have more new magazines of general interest. I request all of you to spend as much free time in the library as you can., and make use of the facilities.

Thank You.

Question 2.
It is a Road Safety Week at a school. One of the students is requested to give a short speech on road safety. Write a speech stressing the importance of road safety and making some practical suggestions for students.

Write your speech in not more than 120 words.
Answer:
Respected Principal, Teachers and my dear friends, lam very happy to say that our College . has taken some steps towards creating awareness in the society about traffic rules and their necessity. Today we read in newspapers many people dying in road accidents. To highlight this, we are celebrating ‘Road safety week’. One of the main causes of accidents is the rapid increase in traffic and people ignoring traffic rules. We neglect traffic rules and jump the signals, do not follow lane discipline and always try to overtake.

Another reason for road accidents is using mobile phones while driving and drunken driving. To avoid accidents, we must follow traffic rules very strictly and should take the oath that we would not use mobiles while driving and must not drive rashly to overtake. Even our traffic system should be improved.

Thank you.

Question 3.
You are the student Secretary of the College Association. Your College has invited Dr. S.R Rao, eminent Scientist of RR. Institute, Bangalore to address the students. You have to introduce the guest and welcome him.

You can use the following hints:

(a) Name of the guest: Dr.S.R Rao
(b) Educational qualification: M.Sc.(Physics); Ph.D.(Nuclear Physics)
(c) Work profile: a Started career as a lecturer in a local College

– Completed Ph.D. in 2001
– Joined R.R. Institute as Senior Scientist
– Became the Director of R.R. Institute in 2010

(d) Interests – Photography and painting.
Answer:
Honorable chief guest, respected Principal, teachers and my dear friends, today is the most important day of the academic year for all of us. It is our great pleasure to have Dr. S.R. Rao, eminent Scientist of R.R. Institute as the chief guest on the occasion of our College day. It is indeed my pleasure to introduce him to you.

Dr. S.R. Rao passed his M.Sc. in Physics from Bangalore University in 1998. He started his career as a lecturer in a local College, and completed his Ph.D. in 2001. Then he joined R.R. Institute as senior Scientist and became the director of R.R. Institute in 2010. His hobbies and interests are photography and painting. On behalf of all of I invite him for the function and request him to address the students.

Thank you.

QUESTION NO VII 43 B

Reading and Interpreting Graphs

Graphs and charts communicate information visually. Therefore graphs are often used in newspapers, magazines and business reports around the world.

Some of the graphs commonly used are as follows.

Line Graphs:

• Line graphs are diagrams that present data using dots and lines. One variable is indicated on the vertical line, and the other is indicated on the horizontal.

Bar Graphs:

• Bar graphs can be either vertical or horizontal. It is important to read the labels carefully on each bar.

Pie Charts:

• A pie chart shows the relationships between parts to a whole. The whole is contained in the circle (pie) and divided into appropriately sized proportions, or slices.

 

Interpretation of Graphs
Interpretation of a graph involves reading, understanding and expressing the data represented in a verbal medium. In other words, after consulting the graph, you must be able to transfer the data into a report in the form of a paragraph of about 120 – 150 words.

Tips for writing a report based on a graph
While writing a report, take into account the following.
Title : The kind of information found on the graph
Key : Additional information included in the graph
Scale : Tells how many or how much
Axis lines : Vertical axis runs along the side of the graph. The horizontal axis runs across the bottom of the graph.
Bar labels : Describe individual parts of the graph

Look at the following bar graph followed by a report.
Literacy rate in India after Independence

A report based on the graph can be like this:
The above bar graph represents the literacy rate in India after independence. Spread over a duration of 60 years (from 1951 to 2011), the rate of literacy has attained a steady growth from just 16.7 percent in 1951 to a considerable 74.04 in 2011. As can be ascertained from the graph, in the initial years of independence, i.e, during the first 30 years , the growth rate has been below ten percent.

There is a big leap in the 1980s as there is an all time increase of 14 percent. The next decade has also witnessed a growth of about 13 percent. The rate has witnessed a fall in the next decade as it is less than 10 percent. The policies of the Governments and their implementation might be the reason for the unsteady trend in the growth of literacy rate. However, the overall growth is promising since it is about to cross 75 percent in 2011.

Exercises:

Question 1.
Here is a bar chart showing the results of a survey on the working patterns of both rural and urban women. The chart provides information about how these women spend the hours of their day for some chosen activities on average. Based on this information, write a report in about 150 words.


Answer:
The above bar chart gives the results of a survey on the working patterns of both rural and urban women. The chart clearly tells us that rural women spend less than an hour at cooking than their urban counterparts who spend nearly two hours in cooking. Rural women spend only half an hour in watching TV. While urban women watch TV for more than an hour. Rural women spend less than half an hour for hobbies while urban women spend 45 minutes. Rural women also lag behind urban women in the time spent at rearing children on which urban women spend nearly two hours. Furthermore, due to women illiteracy in the rural area, the time spent in reading is very less, where as urban women read for about half an hour in a day. Totally this chart provides the information that the rural women are spending less time in all there activities compared the urban women.

Question 2.
The pie chart given below represents the results of a survey conducted by a non – profit NGO to understand how a rural family spends its income on various items. Based on the information, write a report in about 200 words.

Answer:
The above pie chart gives the results of a survey conducted by a non – profit NGO to understand how a rural family spends its income on various clothing. A Rural family spends 30% of its income on food and which is very important and necessary. Nearly 25% of their income is spent on Health, because of lack of hygiene. They spend only 10% on education because a number people are engaged in agricultural activities. They spend only 10% on savings. This is very less savings They spend 20% of their income in repaying loans. They have to borrow large amount of money for agricultural activities.

Question 3.
The line graph given below shows population growth during pre-independence and postindependence period in India. Use the information to write a report on the trends of population growth.

Answer:
The above line graph shows the population growth during the pre-independence and post-independence period in India. Over a duration of 40 years during pre-independence, the population was just below one crore people but by the end of the decade during 1910 it started to rise steadily and crossed one crore. After independence, within ten years the – population increased to 1.7 crores. It grew to 2.8 crores by the end of 1960. After 1970 it rose to 3 crores and during the period from 1970 to 2000 it grew sharply to over five crores. In the decade between 2000 and 2010 the population of India crossed the six crores mark.